Locked Classroom Explanation (No Drift)

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📌 The Question

Consider the following subjects under the Constitution of India:

I. List I – Union List, in the Seventh Schedule
II. Extent of the executive power of a State
III. Conditions of the Governor’s office

For a constitutional amendment, with respect to which of the above is ratification by the Legislatures of not less than one-half of the States required before presenting the Bill to the President of India for assent?

Options:
(a) I and II only
(b) II and III only
(c) I and III only
(d) I, II and III

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✅ Correct Answer: (a) I and II only

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🧑‍🏫 Constitutional Logic — Step by Step

The key lies in Article 368(2), Proviso, which specifies exactly which matters require State ratification in addition to a special majority in Parliament.

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🔹 I. Union List (List I of the Seventh Schedule) ✔️

• The Seventh Schedule distributes legislative powers between the Union and the States.
• Any amendment affecting:
  • Union List
  • State List
  • Concurrent List
    directly alters the federal balance.

📜 Proviso to Article 368(2) explicitly includes “any of the Lists in the Seventh Schedule”.

✅ State ratification required
✔️ Statement I is correct.

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🔹 II. Extent of the Executive Power of a State ✔️

• Governed by Article 162 (State Executive Power).
• The proviso to Article 368(2) explicitly includes:
  • Articles 73 and 162 (extent of executive power of Union and States).

Any amendment here affects Centre–State functional relations.

✅ State ratification required
✔️ Statement II is correct.

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🔹 III. Conditions of the Governor’s Office ❌

• Governed by:
  • Article 158
  • Second Schedule
• These provisions:
  • Do not appear in the proviso to Article 368(2)
  • Do not alter the federal structure directly

Hence, amendment requires only:

• Special majority of Parliament
• ❌ No State ratification

❌ Statement III is not correct.

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📊 Final Evaluation Table

Subject	State Ratification Required?
I. Union List	✔️ Yes
II. Executive Power of State	✔️ Yes
III. Governor’s Conditions	❌ No

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🎯 Final Answer

(a) I and II only

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🧠 UPSC Memory Anchor

Seventh Schedule + Articles 73/162 = State Ratification Mandatory